跳到主要内容

Thermodynamics — 考纲逐点解读

16.1 Internal energy

1. Understand that internal energy is determined by the state of the system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system

  • Internal energy 是系统内部所有分子随机运动的动能和分子间相互作用的势能的总和
  • 内能是状态函数(state function)——只取决于系统的当前状态(TTppVV),与路径无关
  • "Random distribution" 强调分子的运动是随机的、无规则的
  • 内能的变化 ΔU\Delta U 只取决于初末状态,与过程无关

2. Relate a rise in temperature of an object to an increase in its internal energy

  • 温度升高 → 分子平均动能增大 → 内能增大
  • 注意:相变(如熔化、沸腾)时温度不变,但内能仍增加(因为分子势能增加)
  • 理想气体U=32NkTU = \frac{3}{2}NkT,只与温度有关(无分子间势能)

16.2 The first law of thermodynamics

1. Recall and use W=pΔVW = p\Delta V for the work done when the volume of a gas changes at constant pressure and understand the difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas

  • W=pΔVW = p\Delta V 仅在等压过程(constant pressure)中适用
  • Work done by gas(气体对外做功):气体膨胀 ΔV>0\Delta V > 0,气体对活塞做功
  • Work done on gas(外界对气体做功):气体压缩 ΔV<0\Delta V < 0,活塞对气体做功
  • pp-VV 图上,曲线下方的面积 = 功的大小
  • 对非等压过程,功 = pdV\int p\,dVpp-VV 图面积)

2. Recall and use the first law of thermodynamics ΔU=q+W\Delta U = q + W expressed in terms of the increase in internal energy, the heating of the system (energy transferred to the system by heating) and the work done on the system

  • ΔU=q+W\Delta U = q + W 是能量守恒在热力学中的表述
  • 符号约定
    • +q+q:系统吸收热量(thermal energy to system)
    • q-q:系统放出热量
    • +W+W:对系统做功(work done on system)
    • W-W:系统对外界做功
  • 常见特殊情况
    • 等体过程(isochoric):VV 不变 → W=0W = 0ΔU=q\Delta U = q
    • 等压过程(isobaric):pp 不变 → W=pΔVW = p\Delta V(注意符号)
    • 等温过程(isothermal):TT 不变 → ΔU=0\Delta U = 0q=Wq = -W
    • 绝热过程(adiabatic):q=0q = 0ΔU=W\Delta U = W
    • 循环过程(cyclic):返回初态 → ΔU=0\Delta U = 0q=Wq = -W