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Oscillations — 考纲逐点解读

17.1 Simple harmonic oscillations

1. Understand and use displacement, amplitude, period, frequency, angular frequency and phase difference in context of oscillations; express period in terms of both frequency and angular frequency

  • Displacement xx: 从平衡位置到当前位置的位移
  • Amplitude x0x_0: 最大位移大小
  • Period TT: 完成一次完整振动所需时间(单位:s)
  • Frequency ff: 单位时间内振动次数(单位:Hz) f=1Tf = \frac{1}{T}
  • Angular frequency ω\omega: 角频率 ω=2πf=2πT\omega = 2\pi f = \frac{2\pi}{T}
  • Phase difference: 两个振动在时间上的偏移(单位:rad 或 π\pi

2. Understand that SHM occurs when acceleration is proportional to displacement from a fixed point and in the opposite direction

  • SHM 的定义条件: axa \propto -x
  • 比例常数是 ω2\omega^2a=ω2xa = -\omega^2 x

3. Use a=ω2xa = -\omega^2 x and x=x0sinωtx = x_0 \sin \omega t

  • x=x0sinωtx = x_0 \sin \omega t 是微分方程 a=ω2xa = -\omega^2 x 的解
  • t=0t = 0x=0x = 0(从平衡位置开始),速度最大
  • 如果 t=0t = 0x=x0x = x_0(从极端位置开始),用 x=x0cosωtx = x_0 \cos \omega t

4. Use v=v0cosωtv = v_0 \cos \omega t and v=±ωx02x2v = \pm \omega \sqrt{x_0^2 - x^2}

  • v0=ωx0v_0 = \omega x_0(最大速度出现在平衡位置)
  • v=v0cosωt=ωx0cosωtv = v_0 \cos \omega t = \omega x_0 \cos \omega t(当 x=x0sinωtx = x_0 \sin \omega t
  • v=±ωx02x2v = \pm \omega \sqrt{x_0^2 - x^2} 不依赖时间

5. Analyse and interpret graphical representations of xx, vv, aa for SHM

  • xx-tt 图:正弦/余弦曲线
  • vv-tt 图:余弦(相位领先 xxπ/2\pi/2
  • aa-tt 图:负正弦(与 xx 反相,领先 vvπ/2\pi/2
  • vv-xx 图:椭圆
  • 关键关系:
    • xx 最大 → v=0v = 0aa 最大(反向)
    • x=0x = 0vv 最大 → a=0a = 0

17.2 Energy in simple harmonic motion

1. Describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy during SHM

  • 平衡位置 (x=0x = 0):EKE_K 最大,EP=0E_P = 0
  • 极端位置 (x=±x0x = \pm x_0):EK=0E_K = 0EPE_P 最大
  • 过程中 EKE_KEPE_P 相互转换,总能量守恒

2. Recall and use E=12mω2x02E = \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x_0^2 for total energy

  • 总能量 E=EK,max=12mv02=12mω2x02E = E_{K,\max} = \frac{1}{2} m v_0^2 = \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x_0^2
  • 任意位置:E=12mv2+12mω2x2E = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 + \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x^2

17.3 Damped and forced oscillations, resonance

1. Understand that a resistive force acting on an oscillating system causes damping

  • Damping 是阻力(resistive force)导致的能量耗散
  • 阻尼使振幅逐渐减小,机械能转化为内能

2. Understand and use terms light, critical and heavy damping; sketch displacement–time graphs

  • Light damping: 振幅指数衰减,周期略长
  • Critical damping: 最快回到平衡位置,不振荡
  • Heavy damping: 缓慢回到平衡位置(可能不回到),不振荡

3. Understand that resonance involves maximum amplitude; occurs when an oscillating system is forced to oscillate at its natural frequency

  • Natural frequency f0f_0: 系统自由振荡的频率
  • Forced oscillations: 外力驱动系统振动
  • Resonance: fdriving=f0f_{\text{driving}} = f_0 时振幅最大
  • 阻尼越小,共振峰越尖锐