本页总览
17.1 Simple harmonic oscillations
1. Understand and use displacement, amplitude, period, frequency, angular frequency and phase difference in context of oscillations; express period in terms of both frequency and angular frequency
Displacement x x x : 从平衡位置到当前位置的位移
Amplitude x 0 x_0 x 0 : 最大位移大小
Period T T T : 完成一次完整振动所需时间(单位:s)
Frequency f f f : 单位时间内振动次数(单位:Hz)
f = 1 T f = \frac{1}{T} f = T 1
Angular frequency ω \omega ω : 角频率
ω = 2 π f = 2 π T \omega = 2\pi f = \frac{2\pi}{T} ω = 2 π f = T 2 π
Phase difference : 两个振动在时间上的偏移(单位:rad 或 π \pi π )
2. Understand that SHM occurs when acceleration is proportional to displacement from a fixed point and in the opposite direction
SHM 的定义条件:
a ∝ − x a \propto -x a ∝ − x
比例常数是 ω 2 \omega^2 ω 2 :
a = − ω 2 x a = -\omega^2 x a = − ω 2 x
3. Use a = − ω 2 x a = -\omega^2 x a = − ω 2 x and x = x 0 sin ω t x = x_0 \sin \omega t x = x 0 sin ω t
x = x 0 sin ω t x = x_0 \sin \omega t x = x 0 sin ω t 是微分方程 a = − ω 2 x a = -\omega^2 x a = − ω 2 x 的解
当 t = 0 t = 0 t = 0 时 x = 0 x = 0 x = 0 (从平衡位置开始),速度最大
如果 t = 0 t = 0 t = 0 时 x = x 0 x = x_0 x = x 0 (从极端位置开始),用 x = x 0 cos ω t x = x_0 \cos \omega t x = x 0 cos ω t
4. Use v = v 0 cos ω t v = v_0 \cos \omega t v = v 0 cos ω t and v = ± ω x 0 2 − x 2 v = \pm \omega \sqrt{x_0^2 - x^2} v = ± ω x 0 2 − x 2
v 0 = ω x 0 v_0 = \omega x_0 v 0 = ω x 0 (最大速度出现在平衡位置)
v = v 0 cos ω t = ω x 0 cos ω t v = v_0 \cos \omega t = \omega x_0 \cos \omega t v = v 0 cos ω t = ω x 0 cos ω t (当 x = x 0 sin ω t x = x_0 \sin \omega t x = x 0 sin ω t )
v = ± ω x 0 2 − x 2 v = \pm \omega \sqrt{x_0^2 - x^2} v = ± ω x 0 2 − x 2 不依赖时间
5. Analyse and interpret graphical representations of x x x , v v v , a a a for SHM
x x x -t t t 图:正弦/余弦曲线
v v v -t t t 图:余弦(相位领先 x x x 为 π / 2 \pi/2 π /2 )
a a a -t t t 图:负正弦(与 x x x 反相,领先 v v v 为 π / 2 \pi/2 π /2 )
v v v -x x x 图:椭圆
关键关系:
x x x 最大 → v = 0 v = 0 v = 0 → a a a 最大(反向)
x = 0 x = 0 x = 0 → v v v 最大 → a = 0 a = 0 a = 0
17.2 Energy in simple harmonic motion
1. Describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy during SHM
平衡位置 (x = 0 x = 0 x = 0 ):E K E_K E K 最大,E P = 0 E_P = 0 E P = 0
极端位置 (x = ± x 0 x = \pm x_0 x = ± x 0 ):E K = 0 E_K = 0 E K = 0 ,E P E_P E P 最大
过程中 E K E_K E K 和 E P E_P E P 相互转换,总能量守恒
2. Recall and use E = 1 2 m ω 2 x 0 2 E = \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x_0^2 E = 2 1 m ω 2 x 0 2 for total energy
总能量 E = E K , max = 1 2 m v 0 2 = 1 2 m ω 2 x 0 2 E = E_{K,\max} = \frac{1}{2} m v_0^2 = \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x_0^2 E = E K , m a x = 2 1 m v 0 2 = 2 1 m ω 2 x 0 2
任意位置:E = 1 2 m v 2 + 1 2 m ω 2 x 2 E = \frac{1}{2} m v^2 + \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 x^2 E = 2 1 m v 2 + 2 1 m ω 2 x 2
17.3 Damped and forced oscillations, resonance
1. Understand that a resistive force acting on an oscillating system causes damping
Damping 是阻力 (resistive force)导致的能量耗散
阻尼使振幅逐渐减小,机械能转化为内能
2. Understand and use terms light, critical and heavy damping; sketch displacement–time graphs
Light damping : 振幅指数衰减,周期略长
Critical damping : 最快回到平衡位置,不振荡
Heavy damping : 缓慢回到平衡位置(可能不回到),不振荡
3. Understand that resonance involves maximum amplitude; occurs when an oscillating system is forced to oscillate at its natural frequency
Natural frequency f 0 f_0 f 0 : 系统自由振荡的频率
Forced oscillations : 外力驱动系统振动
Resonance : f driving = f 0 f_{\text{driving}} = f_0 f driving = f 0 时振幅最大
阻尼越小,共振峰越尖锐