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Last Minute Summary — Nuclear Physics

必记公式

公式适用场景
E=Δmc2E = \Delta m c^2质能转换
Δm=Zmp+(AZ)mnmnucleus\Delta m = Zm_p + (A - Z)m_n - m_{\text{nucleus}}质量亏损
A=λNA = \lambda Nactivity - 数量关系
λ=0.693/t1/2\lambda = 0.693 / t_{1/2}decay constant - half-life
N=N0eλtN = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}指数衰变
A=A0eλtA = A_0 e^{-\lambda t}activity 指数衰变

常数值

  • 1 u=1.66×1027 kg1\text{ u} = 1.66 \times 10^{-27}\text{ kg}
  • c=3.00×108 m s1c = 3.00 \times 10^8\text{ m s}^{-1}
  • mp=1.00728 um_p = 1.00728\text{ u}mn=1.00867 um_n = 1.00867\text{ u}
  • 1 MeV=1.60×1013 J1\text{ MeV} = 1.60 \times 10^{-13}\text{ J}
  • 1 uc2=931.5 MeV1\text{ u}c^2 = 931.5\text{ MeV}

考前检查清单

定义题(必考)

  • half-life: time for activity to halve
  • decay constant: probability of decay per unit time
  • random: cannot predict when a nucleus will decay
  • spontaneous: not affected by external factors
  • binding energy: energy to separate nucleus into nucleons
  • mass defect: mass difference between nucleus and sum of nucleons

计算题

  • 单位统一(u → kg)
  • c2c^2 不忘平方
  • activity 单位 Bq(s1^{-1}
  • 指数计算用自然对数

图表题

  • binding energy per nucleon vs A: 先升后降,峰值在铁
  • lnN\ln N vs tt: 直线,斜率 =λ= -\lambda
  • 半衰期从 graph 读取:找到 activity 减半的时间

概念题

  • Fusion: 轻核结合,释放能量
  • Fission: 重核分裂,释放能量
  • 能量来源:产物 binding energy per nucleon 更大
  • 稳定性:binding energy per nucleon 越大越稳定