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Electric Fields — 考前速记

核心公式

F=qEF = qE

E=ΔVΔd(uniform field)E = \frac{\Delta V}{\Delta d} \quad \text{(uniform field)}

F=Q1Q24πϵ0r2F = \frac{Q_1 Q_2}{4\pi \epsilon_0 r^2}

E=Q4πϵ0r2E = \frac{Q}{4\pi \epsilon_0 r^2}

V=Q4πϵ0rV = \frac{Q}{4\pi \epsilon_0 r}

EP=Qq4πϵ0rE_P = \frac{Qq}{4\pi \epsilon_0 r}

E=dVdrE = -\frac{dV}{dr}

点电荷 EEVV 对比

公式rr 关系正负
EEQ/(4πϵ0r2)Q / (4\pi \epsilon_0 r^2)1/r21/r^2矢量(方向)
VVQ/(4πϵ0r)Q / (4\pi \epsilon_0 r)1/r1/rQQ 同号

考前 checklist

  • 电场强度定义:force per unit positive charge
  • 电势定义:work done per unit charge from infinity
  • Coulomb's law 需 14πϵ0=8.99×109\frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} = 8.99 \times 10^9
  • rr 从中心算起
  • 导体内部 E=0E = 0
  • EE 是矢量(矢量叠加),VV 是标量(代数叠加)
  • E=dV/drE = -dV/dr 有负号
  • 平行板间:匀强电场,E=V/dE = V/d

关键句

Electric field strength: force per unit positive charge.

Electric potential: work done per unit positive charge in bringing a small test charge from infinity to the point.

The electric field at a point is equal to the negative of the potential gradient at that point.