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Capacitance — 考纲逐点解读

19.1 Capacitors and capacitance

1. Define capacitance, as applied to both isolated spherical conductors and to parallel plate capacitors

  • Capacitance CC: 导体储存电荷能力的量度
  • 定义:C=QVC = \frac{Q}{V}
    • QQ:一个极板上的电荷量
    • VV:两极板间的电势差
  • 孤立球形导体C=4πϵ0RC = 4\pi \epsilon_0 RRR 为球半径)
  • 平行板电容器C=ϵ0AdC = \frac{\epsilon_0 A}{d}AA 为板面积,dd 为板间距)
    • (注:此公式在 syllabus 中未明确要求记忆,但理解有助于解题)

2. Recall and use C=Q/VC = Q / V

  • 单位:farad (F) = C V1^{-1}
  • 在实际电路中,常用 μ\muF (10610^{-6} F)、nF (10910^{-9} F)、pF (101210^{-12} F)

3. Derive, using C=Q/VC = Q / V, formulae for the combined capacitance of capacitors in series and in parallel

  • 并联VV 相同 C=C1+C2+C3+C = C_1 + C_2 + C_3 + \dots
  • 串联QQ 相同 1C=1C1+1C2+1C3+\frac{1}{C} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \frac{1}{C_3} + \dots

4. Use the capacitance formulae for capacitors in series and in parallel

  • 注意电容串并联公式与电阻串并联相反

19.2 Energy stored in a capacitor

1. Determine the electric potential energy stored in a capacitor from the area under the potential–charge graph

  • VV-QQ 图是直线(V=Q/CV = Q/C),面积 = 12QV\frac{1}{2} QV
  • 充电过程中,VV 从 0 线性增加到最终值,所以平均电压为 V/2V/2

2. Recall and use W=12QV=12CV2W = \frac{1}{2} QV = \frac{1}{2} CV^2

  • W=12QV=12CV2=12Q2CW = \frac{1}{2} QV = \frac{1}{2} CV^2 = \frac{1}{2} \frac{Q^2}{C}
  • 注意三个公式的选择取决于已知量

19.3 Discharging a capacitor

1. Analyse graphs of variation with time of p.d., charge and current for a capacitor discharging through a resistor

  • RC 放电时,VV, QQ, II 都按指数规律衰减
  • VV-tt 图:指数衰减曲线(从 V0V_0 趋于 0)
  • II-tt 图:指数衰减曲线(从 I0=V0/RI_0 = V_0/R 趋于 0)
  • QQ-tt 图:指数衰减曲线(从 Q0=CV0Q_0 = CV_0 趋于 0)

2. Recall and use τ=RC\tau = RC for the time constant for a capacitor discharging through a resistor

  • Time constant τ=RC\tau = RC 的量纲是秒
  • 物理意义:t=τt = \tau 时,V=V0e10.37V0V = V_0 e^{-1} \approx 0.37 V_0
  • τ\tau 越大,放电越慢

3. Use equations of the form x=x0et/RCx = x_0 e^{-t/RC} where xx could represent current, charge or potential difference for a capacitor discharging through a resistor

  • I=I0et/RC,Q=Q0et/RC,V=V0et/RCI = I_0 e^{-t/RC}, \quad Q = Q_0 e^{-t/RC}, \quad V = V_0 e^{-t/RC}
  • 充电公式:x=x0(1et/RC)x = x_0 (1 - e^{-t/RC})
  • 半衰期(选学但有用):t1/2=RCln20.693RCt_{1/2} = RC \ln 2 \approx 0.693 RC