考纲总览 — Advanced Theory (Sections 13–20)

Assessment Objectives

Paper 3 的所有题目均为书面作答，考察的重点从基础理解到综合应用：

AO	描述	占比	说明
AO1	Knowledge and understanding	60%	回忆知识点、标准算法、基本操作
AO2	Application and analysis	40%	将知识应用于新场景、多步推理、问题求解
AO3	Algorithm design and programming	0%	Paper 3 不含程序设计题目（此部分由 Paper 4 考察）

Paper 3 与 Paper 4 的分工

Paper 3 侧重书面理解与分析，Paper 4（Practical）侧重实际编程能力。两者 AO3 的内容互补而非重叠。

知识点列表 — Sections 13–20

章节	Topic	中文	核心内容
13	Data Representation	数据表示	用户定义数据类型、文件组织与访问模式、浮点数表示与规格化、浮点数运算
14	Communication and Internet Technologies	通信与互联网技术	协议栈（TCP/IP）、交换技术（电路/分组交换）、局域网与无线网络、加密方法、互联网基础
15	Hardware and Virtual Machines	硬件与虚拟机	处理器架构（RISC/CISC）、指令流水线、并行处理、虚拟机概念、布尔代数化简、K-map、逻辑电路
16	System Software	系统软件	操作系统功能与调度、内存管理（分页/分段/虚拟内存）、编译过程各阶段、解释与汇编
17	Security	安全	安全威胁类型、防护措施（加密/防火墙/认证/权限）、数字签名与证书
18	Artificial Intelligence	人工智能	AI 定义与测试、机器学习类型、专家系统构建
19	Computational Thinking and Problem Solving	计算思维与问题解决	算法设计方法、递归、抽象数据类型、排序与搜索算法
20	Further Programming	进阶编程	面向对象编程、异常处理、文件操作、低级语言与汇编指令

完整考纲条目

Section 13: Data Representation

编号	内容	要求
13.1.1	Define and use user-defined data types: non-composite (enumeration, pointer) and composite (record, set, class)	AO1
13.1.2	Choose appropriate data types for a given problem	AO2
13.2.1	Describe file organisation: serial, sequential, random access	AO1
13.2.2	Describe the use of indexes for file access	AO1
13.2.3	Distinguish between static and dynamic data structures	AO1
13.3.1	Represent positive and negative floating-point numbers in binary using mantissa and exponent	AO1
13.3.2	Normalise floating-point numbers	AO1
13.3.3	Describe the effect of changing the number of bits allocated to mantissa and exponent	AO1
13.3.4	Describe floating-point errors: overflow, underflow, rounding error	AO1
13.4.1	Perform binary floating-point addition and subtraction	AO2
13.4.2	Explain the need for aligning exponents in floating-point arithmetic	AO1

Section 14: Communication and Internet Technologies

编号	内容	要求
14.1.1	Describe the TCP/IP protocol stack and the purpose of each layer	AO1
14.1.2	Explain how protocols enable communication over the Internet	AO2
14.2.1	Distinguish between circuit switching and packet switching	AO1
14.2.2	Describe the structure of a data packet (header, payload, trailer)	AO1
14.3.1	Describe characteristics of a LAN	AO1
14.3.2	Describe CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocols	AO1
14.3.3	Compare Ethernet and Wi-Fi standards	AO2
14.4.1	Describe wireless networking technologies (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular)	AO1
14.5.1	Describe symmetric and asymmetric encryption	AO1
14.5.2	Explain the use of digital signatures and digital certificates	AO2
14.6.1	Describe the role of DNS (Domain Name System)	AO1
14.6.2	Explain IP addressing (IPv4, IPv6) and subnetting	AO1

Section 15: Hardware and Virtual Machines

编号	内容	要求
15.1.1	Describe the features of RISC and CISC processors	AO1
15.1.2	Explain the concept of instruction pipelining and its hazards	AO2
15.1.3	Describe parallel processing: SIMD, MIMD, multi-core	AO1
15.2.1	Describe the concept of a virtual machine	AO1
15.2.2	Explain the benefits of virtual machines (isolation, platform independence)	AO2
15.2.3	Describe the role of the JVM (Java Virtual Machine)	AO1
15.3.1	Simplify Boolean expressions using Boolean laws and De Morgan's laws	AO2
15.3.2	Use Karnaugh maps (K-maps) to simplify expressions with up to 4 variables	AO2
15.3.3	Design logic circuits from Boolean expressions and truth tables	AO2

Section 16: System Software

编号	内容	要求
16.1.1	Describe the purpose and functions of an operating system	AO1
16.1.2	Describe process scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, priority)	AO1
16.1.3	Describe memory management techniques: paging, segmentation, virtual memory	AO1
16.1.4	Explain the difference between paging and segmentation	AO2
16.2.1	Describe the stages of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, code generation, optimisation	AO1
16.2.2	Describe the role of an assembler and the translation of assembly code to machine code	AO1
16.2.3	Distinguish between compiler, interpreter, and assembler	AO1
16.3.1	Describe the role of a linker and loader	AO1
16.3.2	Describe the use of static and dynamic linking	AO1

Section 17: Security

编号	内容	要求
17.1.1	Describe security threats: malware, phishing, hacking, DoS/DDoS, brute force attack, SQL injection	AO1
17.1.2	Describe data interception and social engineering	AO1
17.2.1	Describe security measures: firewall, encryption, authentication, biometrics, CAPTCHA	AO1
17.2.2	Explain how digital signatures and certificates provide authenticity and integrity	AO2
17.2.3	Describe access rights and user permissions	AO1

Section 18: Artificial Intelligence

编号	内容	要求
18.1.1	Define AI and its goals	AO1
18.1.2	Describe the Turing test	AO1
18.1.3	Describe the Chinese room argument	AO1
18.2.1	Describe machine learning: supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning	AO1
18.2.2	Compare the three types of machine learning	AO2
18.3.1	Describe the components of an expert system: knowledge base, inference engine, rule base, user interface	AO1
18.3.2	Distinguish between forward chaining and backward chaining	AO1

Section 19: Computational Thinking and Problem Solving

编号	内容	要求
19.1.1	Design algorithms using pseudocode and flowcharts to solve problems	AO2
19.1.2	Use trace tables to step through algorithms	AO2
19.2.1	Describe the concept of recursion	AO1
19.2.2	Write and trace recursive algorithms	AO2
19.2.3	Describe the use of stack frames in recursion	AO1
19.3.1	Describe and implement ADTs: stack, queue, linked list, binary tree, graph	AO1/AO2
19.3.2	Describe operations on binary trees (insert, search, traversals: pre-order, in-order, post-order)	AO1
19.3.3	Describe operations on hash tables	AO1
19.4.1	Describe and implement searching algorithms: linear search, binary search	AO1/AO2
19.4.2	Describe and implement sorting algorithms: bubble sort, insertion sort, quicksort, merge sort	AO1/AO2
19.4.3	Compare time complexity of searching and sorting algorithms	AO2

Section 20: Further Programming

编号	内容	要求
20.1.1	Describe OOP concepts: class, object, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction	AO1
20.1.2	Write CIE Pseudocode to define classes, constructors, methods, and inheritance	AO2
20.2.1	Describe exception handling: try, catch, throw	AO1
20.2.2	Write programs that handle file operations and exceptions	AO2
20.3.1	Describe low-level languages: machine code and assembly	AO1
20.3.2	Write simple assembly programs using LMC (Little Man Computer) instruction set	AO2
20.3.3	Describe addressing modes: immediate, direct, indirect, indexed	AO1

命令词对照表（Command Words）

英文	中文翻译	答题要求
State	陈述	简要陈述事实或定义，通常 1–2 句话
Define	定义	给出准确定义，通常包括公式或特征
Describe	描述	详细说明某概念、过程或功能
Explain	解释	不仅要描述，还要说明原因或原理
Identify	识别	从给定信息中找出特定内容
Give	给出	简单提供答案，不必详细解释
List	列举	逐项列出，不需展开
Outline	概述	简要概括主要特征
Compare	比较	指出两者或多者的异同
Distinguish	区分	说明不同之处
Simplify	化简	用布尔代数定律或 K-map 化简表达式
Calculate	计算	进行数值计算并给出结果
Determine	确定	通过计算或推理得到结果
Draw	画出	画出逻辑电路图、流程图或示意图
Write	编写	编写伪代码、算法或程序
Trace	跟踪	用 trace table 跟踪算法执行过程
Complete	补全	补充表格、示意图或代码片段
Justify	论证	为某个选择或结论提供理由
Suggest	建议	提出合理的方案或改进意见

AO1 vs AO2

Paper 3 中 AO1 题目（～45 分）通常为 "State" "Describe" "Define"，AO2 题目（～30 分）通常为 "Explain" "Compare" "Simplify" 或需要多步推理的 "Calculate" 与 "Write"。答题时间分配可据此调整。