Systems of Linear Equations 题型分析
Question Type 1: 行列式条件
分值范围 :2–5 分
考点 :求参数使得方程组无唯一解(det A = 0 \det A = 0 det A = 0 ),或唯一解(det A ≠ 0 \det A \neq 0 det A = 0 )。
Example 1: w20/21 Q3 — 三参数讨论
The system of equations
{ x − 2 y − 4 z = 1 x − 2 y + k z = 1 − x + 2 y + 2 z = 1 \begin{cases}
x - 2y - 4z = 1 \\
x - 2y + kz = 1 \\
-x + 2y + 2z = 1
\end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ x − 2 y − 4 z = 1 x − 2 y + k z = 1 − x + 2 y + 2 z = 1
(a) Show that this system does not have a unique solution. [2]
解法 :
系数矩阵 A = ( 1 − 2 − 4 1 − 2 k − 1 2 2 ) A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & -4 \\ 1 & -2 & k \\ -1 & 2 & 2 \end{pmatrix} A = 1 1 − 1 − 2 − 2 2 − 4 k 2
计算 det A \det A det A :
det A = 1 ∣ − 2 k 2 2 ∣ − ( − 2 ) ∣ 1 k − 1 2 ∣ + ( − 4 ) ∣ 1 − 2 − 1 2 ∣ \det A = 1\begin{vmatrix} -2 & k \\ 2 & 2 \end{vmatrix} - (-2)\begin{vmatrix} 1 & k \\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} + (-4)\begin{vmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} det A = 1 − 2 2 k 2 − ( − 2 ) 1 − 1 k 2 + ( − 4 ) 1 − 1 − 2 2
= 1 ( − 4 − 2 k ) + 2 ( 2 + k ) − 4 ( 2 − 2 ) = − 4 − 2 k + 4 + 2 k − 0 = 0 = 1(-4-2k) + 2(2+k) - 4(2-2) = -4-2k+4+2k-0 = 0 = 1 ( − 4 − 2 k ) + 2 ( 2 + k ) − 4 ( 2 − 2 ) = − 4 − 2 k + 4 + 2 k − 0 = 0
det A = 0 \det A = 0 det A = 0 ,故无唯一解。
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M1 正确计算 det A \det A det A
A1 得出 det A = 0 \det A = 0 det A = 0 并说明无唯一解
Example 2: s20/21 Q8(a) — 参数 a a a
The system
{ 3 x + y + z = 0 x + y + 2 z = 0 2 x + y + a z = 0 \begin{cases}
3x + y + z = 0 \\
x + y + 2z = 0 \\
2x + y + az = 0
\end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ 3 x + y + z = 0 x + y + 2 z = 0 2 x + y + a z = 0
(a) Find the values of a a a for which the system does not have a unique solution. [3]
解法 :
系数矩阵 A = ( 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 a ) A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & a \end{pmatrix} A = 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 a
det A = 3 ∣ 1 2 1 a ∣ − 1 ∣ 1 2 2 a ∣ + 1 ∣ 1 1 2 1 ∣ \det A = 3\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 1 & a \end{vmatrix} - 1\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 2 & a \end{vmatrix} + 1\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{vmatrix} det A = 3 1 1 2 a − 1 1 2 2 a + 1 1 2 1 1
= 3 ( a − 2 ) − ( a − 4 ) + ( 1 − 2 ) = 3 a − 6 − a + 4 − 1 = 2 a − 3 = 3(a-2) - (a-4) + (1-2) = 3a-6-a+4-1 = 2a-3 = 3 ( a − 2 ) − ( a − 4 ) + ( 1 − 2 ) = 3 a − 6 − a + 4 − 1 = 2 a − 3
det A = 0 ⇒ 2 a − 3 = 0 ⇒ a = 3 2 \det A = 0 \Rightarrow 2a-3 = 0 \Rightarrow a = \frac{3}{2} det A = 0 ⇒ 2 a − 3 = 0 ⇒ a = 2 3 。
当 a = 3 2 a = \frac{3}{2} a = 2 3 时,方程组无唯一解。
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M1 正确写出行列式
M1 展开并化简
A1 a = 3 2 a = \frac{3}{2} a = 2 3
Example 3: s21/21 Q1 — 参数 a a a 的方程组
The system
{ x + y − z = 1 2 x + y + a z = 1 x − y + 2 z = 0 \begin{cases}
x + y - z = 1 \\
2x + y + az = 1 \\
x - y + 2z = 0
\end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ x + y − z = 1 2 x + y + a z = 1 x − y + 2 z = 0
(a) Find the set of values of a a a for which the system has a unique solution. [4]
(b) For the case where the system does not have a unique solution, find the solution set. [1]
解法 :
(a) det A = ∣ 1 1 − 1 2 1 a 1 − 1 2 ∣ = 1 ( 2 + a ) − 1 ( 4 − a ) + ( − 1 ) ( − 2 − 1 ) = 2 + a − 4 + a + 3 = 2 a + 1 \det A = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 & -1 \\ 2 & 1 & a \\ 1 & -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 1(2+a) - 1(4-a) + (-1)(-2-1) = 2+a-4+a+3 = 2a+1 det A = 1 2 1 1 1 − 1 − 1 a 2 = 1 ( 2 + a ) − 1 ( 4 − a ) + ( − 1 ) ( − 2 − 1 ) = 2 + a − 4 + a + 3 = 2 a + 1
det A ≠ 0 ⇒ 2 a + 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ a ≠ − 1 2 \det A \neq 0 \Rightarrow 2a+1 \neq 0 \Rightarrow a \neq -\frac{1}{2} det A = 0 ⇒ 2 a + 1 = 0 ⇒ a = − 2 1
(b) a = − 1 2 a = -\frac{1}{2} a = − 2 1 时,用行变换求解。
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(a)
M1 正确写出 det A \det A det A
M1 展开行列式
A1 化简到 2 a + 1 2a+1 2 a + 1
A1 a ≠ − 1 2 a \neq -\frac{1}{2} a = − 2 1
(b)
Question Type 2: 相容性与不相容性
分值范围 :3–4 分
考点 :当 det A = 0 \det A = 0 det A = 0 时,判断方程组是矛盾(无解)还是相容(无穷多解)。
方法 :用增广矩阵行变换(Gaussian elimination)检查是否有矛盾方程 0 = c 0 = c 0 = c (c ≠ 0 c \neq 0 c = 0 )。
Example 1: w20/21 Q3(b)(c) — k = − 4 k = -4 k = − 4 相容,k = − 2 k = -2 k = − 2 矛盾
(b) When k = − 4 k = -4 k = − 4 , the equations are consistent. Interpret this situation geometrically. [3]
(c) When k = − 2 k = -2 k = − 2 , the equations are inconsistent. Interpret this situation geometrically. [2]
解法 :
(b) k = − 4 k = -4 k = − 4 时方程组相容,有无穷多解。三个平面交于一条直线。
(c) k = − 2 k = -2 k = − 2 时方程组矛盾(无解)。三个平面没有公共交点,形成三棱柱形态。
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(b)
B1 指出相容/无穷多解
B1 三个平面交于一条直线
B1 正确描述几何关系
(c)
Example 2: w23/21 Q1 — 参数 k k k
The system
{ x + y + z = 2 2 x + y − z = 3 2 x + 3 y + k z = 4 \begin{cases}
x + y + z = 2 \\
2x + y - z = 3 \\
2x + 3y + kz = 4
\end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ x + y + z = 2 2 x + y − z = 3 2 x + 3 y + k z = 4
(a) Find the value of k k k for which the system is inconsistent. [4]
解法 :
增广矩阵行变换:
( 1 1 1 2 2 1 − 1 3 2 3 k 4 ) \left(\begin{array}{ccc|c} 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & -1 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & k & 4 \end{array}\right) 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 − 1 k 2 3 4
得 k = 5 k = 5 k = 5 时出现矛盾方程。
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M1 写出增广矩阵
M1 正确行变换
M1 得到参数条件
A1 k = 5 k = 5 k = 5
Question Type 3: 几何解释
分值范围 :2–3 分
考点 :将方程组的代数结果用几何语言描述。
常见情形 :
代数结果 几何解释 det A ≠ 0 \det A \neq 0 det A = 0 ,唯一解三个平面交于一点 det A = 0 \det A = 0 det A = 0 ,相容(无穷多解)三个平面交于一条直线(或一个平面) det A = 0 \det A = 0 det A = 0 ,矛盾(无解)三个平面没有公共交点(三棱柱或两平面平行)
Example 1: w20/21 Q3(d) — 三棱柱(triangular prism)
(d) When k ≠ − 2 k \neq -2 k = − 2 and k ≠ − 4 k \neq -4 k = − 4 , the equations are inconsistent and the planes form a triangular prism. Explain what is meant by a triangular prism. [2]
解答 :三个平面两两相交,交线互相平行。三条交线形成一个三棱柱状的形状,但没有三个平面共同的交点。
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B1 三个平面两两相交
B1 交线互相平行,形成三棱柱
Example 2: w22/22 Q1 — 三个方程
The system
{ x + 2 y − z = 3 2 x − y + 2 z = 1 3 x + y + k z = 2 \begin{cases}
x + 2y - z = 3 \\
2x - y + 2z = 1 \\
3x + y + kz = 2
\end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧ x + 2 y − z = 3 2 x − y + 2 z = 1 3 x + y + k z = 2
(a) Find the value of k k k for which the system has no unique solution. [3]
(b) For this value of k k k , determine whether the system is consistent or inconsistent. [2]
解法 :
(a) det A = 0 ⇒ k = − 3 \det A = 0 \Rightarrow k = -3 det A = 0 ⇒ k = − 3
(b) 代入 k = − 3 k = -3 k = − 3 行变换,检查是否矛盾。
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M1 计算 det A \det A det A
A1 k = − 3 k = -3 k = − 3
M1 增广矩阵行变换
A1 判断相容/矛盾