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题型分析


Question Type 1: 双曲恒等式证明

如何识别

题目要求证明一个双曲恒等式,如 cosh2xsinh2x=1\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 11tanh2x=sech2x1 - \tanh^2 x = \operatorname{sech}^2 x。通常分值为 3 分,使用"Prove"或"Show that"等关键词。

标准解题方法
  1. 将双曲函数写成指数形式:sinhx=exex2\sinh x = \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2}coshx=ex+ex2\cosh x = \frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{2}
  2. 对表达式进行代数化简
  3. 或使用已知恒等式 cosh2xsinh2x=1\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 1 推导其他恒等式
评分标准(MS 模式)
  • B1:正确写出指数形式
  • B1:正确展开和化简
  • B1:得到正确结论

例题

Example 1 (s20/23 Q6(a)):Prove that 1tanh2θ=sech2θ1 - \tanh^2 \theta = \operatorname{sech}^2 \theta.

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tanhθ=eθeθeθ+eθ\tanh \theta = \frac{e^\theta - e^{-\theta}}{e^\theta + e^{-\theta}} B1

1tanh2θ=(eθ+eθ)2(eθeθ)2(eθ+eθ)2=4(eθ+eθ)21 - \tanh^2 \theta = \frac{(e^\theta + e^{-\theta})^2 - (e^\theta - e^{-\theta})^2}{(e^\theta + e^{-\theta})^2} = \frac{4}{(e^\theta + e^{-\theta})^2} M1

=1cosh2θ=sech2θ= \frac{1}{\cosh^2 \theta} = \operatorname{sech}^2 \theta A1


Example 2 (w20/21 Q8(b)):Prove that coth2xcosech2x=1\coth^2 x - \operatorname{cosech}^2 x = 1.

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coth2xcosech2x=cosh2xsinh2x1sinh2x\coth^2 x - \operatorname{cosech}^2 x = \frac{\cosh^2 x}{\sinh^2 x} - \frac{1}{\sinh^2 x} M1

=cosh2x1sinh2x= \frac{\cosh^2 x - 1}{\sinh^2 x} M1

=sinh2xsinh2x=1= \frac{\sinh^2 x}{\sinh^2 x} = 1 A1 (using cosh2xsinh2x=1\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 1)


Example 3 (w22/21 Q4):Prove that cosh2xsinh2x1\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x \equiv 1.

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cosh2xsinh2x=(ex+ex2)2(exex2)2\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = \left(\frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2}\right)^2 B1

=e2x+2+e2x4e2x2+e2x4= \frac{e^{2x} + 2 + e^{-2x}}{4} - \frac{e^{2x} - 2 + e^{-2x}}{4} M1

=44=1= \frac{4}{4} = 1 A1


Example 4 (s25/21 Q6(a)):Prove that 1tanh2u=sech2u1 - \tanh^2 u = \operatorname{sech}^2 u.

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tanhu=eueueu+eu\tanh u = \frac{e^u - e^{-u}}{e^u + e^{-u}} B1

1tanh2u=1(eueu)2(eu+eu)2=(eu+eu)2(eueu)2(eu+eu)21 - \tanh^2 u = 1 - \frac{(e^u - e^{-u})^2}{(e^u + e^{-u})^2} = \frac{(e^u + e^{-u})^2 - (e^u - e^{-u})^2}{(e^u + e^{-u})^2} M1

=4(eu+eu)2=1cosh2u=sech2u= \frac{4}{(e^u + e^{-u})^2} = \frac{1}{\cosh^2 u} = \operatorname{sech}^2 u A1


常见陷阱
  • 注意区分 tanh2x=(tanhx)2\tanh^2 x = (\tanh x)^2,而非 tanh(x2)\tanh(x^2)
  • 指数形式展开时注意符号:(exex)2=e2x2+e2x(e^x - e^{-x})^2 = e^{2x} - 2 + e^{-2x},中间是减号
  • 不要混淆 sech2x\operatorname{sech}^2 xsec2x\sec^2 x

Question Type 2: 双曲图像与交点

如何识别

题目要求在同一坐标系中画出两个双曲函数图像,并求交点(通常要求以对数形式表示)。分值为 2–4 分。

标准解题方法
  1. 令两函数相等,解方程求交点
  2. 将双曲函数写成指数形式,化为关于 exe^x 的方程
  3. t=ext = e^xt > 0),解二次方程
  4. 取对数得到 x=lntx = \ln t
  5. 画图时标注关键点、渐近线和交点
评分标准(MS 模式)
  • B1:设等式并正确转化为指数形式
  • M1:正确解出 exe^x
  • A1:以 ln\ln 形式给出答案
  • B1:正确画图(形状、渐近线、标注交点)

例题

Example 1 (s20/21 Q5(a)(b)):The curve C1C_1 has equation y=coshxy = \cosh x and the curve C2C_2 has equation y=sinh2xy = \sinh 2x. (a) Find the xx-coordinate of the point of intersection of C1C_1 and C2C_2, giving your answer in logarithmic form. [4] (b) Sketch C1C_1 and C2C_2 on the same diagram. [2]

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(a)

coshx=sinh2x\cosh x = \sinh 2x

ex+ex2=e2xe2x2\frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{2} = \frac{e^{2x} - e^{-2x}}{2} M1

ex+ex=e2xe2xe^x + e^{-x} = e^{2x} - e^{-2x}

Multiply by e2xe^{2x}: e3x+ex=e4x1e^{3x} + e^x = e^{4x} - 1

e4xe3xex1=0e^{4x} - e^{3x} - e^x - 1 = 0 M1

Let t=ext = e^x: t4t3t1=0t^4 - t^3 - t - 1 = 0

(t2+1)(t2t1)=0(t^2 + 1)(t^2 - t - 1) = 0

t2t1=0t^2 - t - 1 = 0, so t=1±52t = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{5}}{2}

Since t > 0, t=1+52t = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} A1

x=ln(1+52)x = \ln\left(\frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}\right) A1

(b)

Correct shape of y=coshxy = \cosh x (U-shape, minimum at (0,1)(0,1)) B1

Correct shape of y=sinh2xy = \sinh 2x (passes through origin, steeper than sinhx\sinh x) and intersection point shown B1


Example 2 (w20/21 Q8(a)):Sketch the curve y=cothxy = \coth x for x > 0. State the equations of the asymptotes.

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Correct shape: decreasing curve from ++\infty to 11 as xx \to \infty B1

Asymptotes: x=0x = 0 (or yy-axis) and y=1y = 1 B1


Example 3 (w22/21 Q4):Sketch the curve y=sechxy = \operatorname{sech} x.

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Correct shape: bell-shaped curve, maximum at (0,1)(0,1) B1

Asymptotes: y=0y = 0 as x±x \to \pm\infty B1


常见陷阱
  • 解方程时漏掉 t > 0 的条件,导致多出一个不存在的解
  • 忘记 coshx\cosh x 的最小值是 y=1y=1 而非 y=0y=0
  • cothx\coth xx0+x \to 0^+ 时趋于 ++\infty,而非 -\infty
  • sechx\operatorname{sech} x 时注意它是偶函数,关于 yy 轴对称

Question Type 3: 双曲函数求导

如何识别

题目要求对包含双曲函数的表达式求导,通常涉及隐函数微分或链式法则。分值为 3–5 分。

标准解题方法
  1. 识别函数类型:双曲函数、反双曲函数或复合函数
  2. 应用对应的求导公式
  3. 若为隐函数,两边同时对 xx 求导
  4. 化简结果
评分标准(MS 模式)
  • B1:正确应用求导公式(如 ddx(tanhy)=sech2ydydx\frac{d}{dx}(\tanh y) = \operatorname{sech}^2 y \cdot \frac{dy}{dx}
  • M1:正确使用链式法则或隐函数求导
  • A1:化简到指定形式

例题

Example 1 (s20/23 Q6(b)):Given that tanhy=cos(x+π4)\tanh y = \cos\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right), show that dydx=cosec(x+π4)\frac{dy}{dx} = -\operatorname{cosec}\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right).

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Differentiate both sides:

sech2ydydx=sin(x+π4)\operatorname{sech}^2 y \cdot \frac{dy}{dx} = -\sin\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right) M1

dydx=sin(x+π4)sech2y=sin(x+π4)cosh2y\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{\sin\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)}{\operatorname{sech}^2 y} = -\sin\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \cosh^2 y M1

Using tanhy=cos(x+π4)\tanh y = \cos\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right) and 1tanh2y=sech2y1 - \tanh^2 y = \operatorname{sech}^2 y:

cosh2y=1sech2y=11tanh2y=11cos2(x+π4)=1sin2(x+π4)\cosh^2 y = \frac{1}{\operatorname{sech}^2 y} = \frac{1}{1 - \tanh^2 y} = \frac{1}{1 - \cos^2\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)} = \frac{1}{\sin^2\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)} M1

dydx=sin(x+π4)1sin2(x+π4)=1sin(x+π4)=cosec(x+π4)\frac{dy}{dx} = -\sin\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sin^2\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)} = -\frac{1}{\sin\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)} = -\operatorname{cosec}\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right) A1


Example 2 (w20/21 Q8(c)):Given that y=ln(coth(x2))y = \ln\left(\coth\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right), show that dydx=cosechx\frac{dy}{dx} = -\operatorname{cosech} x.

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y=ln(coth(x2))y = \ln\left(\coth\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right)

dydx=1coth(x2)(12cosech2(x2))\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{\coth\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{2}\operatorname{cosech}^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) M1

=12tanh(x2)cosech2(x2)= -\frac{1}{2} \cdot \tanh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) \cdot \operatorname{cosech}^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) M1

=12sinh(x2)cosh(x2)1sinh2(x2)=12sinh(x2)cosh(x2)= -\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}{\cosh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sinh^2\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)} = -\frac{1}{2\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\cosh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)} M1

=1sinhx=cosechx= -\frac{1}{\sinh x} = -\operatorname{cosech} x A1 (using sinhx=2sinh(x2)cosh(x2)\sinh x = 2\sinh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\cosh\left(\frac{x}{2}\right))


Example 3:Differentiate y=sinh1(2x)y = \sinh^{-1}(2x).

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dydx=11+(2x)22\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + (2x)^2}} \cdot 2 M1

=21+4x2= \frac{2}{\sqrt{1 + 4x^2}} A1


常见陷阱
  • 隐函数求导时忘记乘以 dydx\frac{dy}{dx}
  • 混淆 ddx(tanhx)=sech2x\frac{d}{dx}(\tanh x) = \operatorname{sech}^2 xddx(tanx)=sec2x\frac{d}{dx}(\tan x) = \sec^2 x
  • 忘记 ddx(coshx)=sinhx\frac{d}{dx}(\cosh x) = \sinh x 是正的(与 ddx(cosx)=sinx\frac{d}{dx}(\cos x) = -\sin x 不同)
  • 反双曲函数求导时忘记链式法则的內导

Question Type 4: 弧长问题

如何识别

题目要求计算曲线在某区间上的弧长,函数通常为 coshx\cosh xsinhx\sinh x。分值为 5–7 分,为 Paper 2 的常见压轴题。

标准解题方法
  1. 计算 dydx\frac{dy}{dx}
  2. 代入弧长公式 L=ab1+(dydx)2dxL = \int_a^b \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2} \, dx
  3. 利用双曲恒等式 cosh2xsinh2x=1\cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 1 化简根号内表达式
  4. 通常可化简为 coshxdx\int \cosh x \, dxcosechxdx\int \operatorname{cosech} x \, dx 等形式
  5. 积分并代入上下限
评分标准(MS 模式)
  • B1:正确写出弧长公式
  • B1:正确求出 dydx\frac{dy}{dx}
  • M1:正确化简 1+(dydx)2\sqrt{1 + (\frac{dy}{dx})^2},通常用到 cosh2x=1+sinh2x\cosh^2 x = 1 + \sinh^2 x
  • A1:正确积分
  • A1:代入上下限得到最终答案

例题

Example 1 (s20/21 Q5(c)):Find the arc length of the curve y=coshxy = \cosh x from x=0x = 0 to x=ax = a, giving your answer in terms of aa.

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y=coshxy = \cosh x, dydx=sinhx\frac{dy}{dx} = \sinh x B1

Arc length L=0a1+sinh2xdxL = \int_0^a \sqrt{1 + \sinh^2 x} \, dx B1

=0acosh2xdx=0acoshxdx= \int_0^a \sqrt{\cosh^2 x} \, dx = \int_0^a \cosh x \, dx M1 (using 1+sinh2x=cosh2x1 + \sinh^2 x = \cosh^2 x)

=[sinhx]0a=sinha= [\sinh x]_0^a = \sinh a A1


Example 2 (w20/21 Q8(d)):The curve y=ln(coth(x2))y = \ln\left(\coth\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\right) has arc length from x=ax = a to x=2ax = 2a equal to ln4\ln 4. Given dydx=cosechx\frac{dy}{dx} = -\operatorname{cosech} x, find the value of aa.

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dydx=cosechx\frac{dy}{dx} = -\operatorname{cosech} x

L=a2a1+cosech2xdxL = \int_a^{2a} \sqrt{1 + \operatorname{cosech}^2 x} \, dx B1

=a2acoth2xdx= \int_a^{2a} \sqrt{\coth^2 x} \, dx M1 (using 1+cosech2x=coth2x1 + \operatorname{cosech}^2 x = \coth^2 x)

=a2acothxdx= \int_a^{2a} \coth x \, dx (since x > 0, \coth x > 0)

=[ln(sinhx)]a2a=ln(sinh2a)ln(sinha)= [\ln(\sinh x)]_a^{2a} = \ln(\sinh 2a) - \ln(\sinh a) M1

=ln(sinh2asinha)=ln(2cosha)= \ln\left(\frac{\sinh 2a}{\sinh a}\right) = \ln(2\cosh a) M1

Set equal to ln4\ln 4: 2cosha=42\cosh a = 4, cosha=2\cosh a = 2

a=cosh12=ln(2+3)a = \cosh^{-1} 2 = \ln(2 + \sqrt{3}) A1


Example 3:Find the arc length of y=coshxy = \cosh x from x=0x = 0 to x=ln2x = \ln 2.

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dydx=sinhx\frac{dy}{dx} = \sinh x

L=0ln21+sinh2xdx=0ln2coshxdxL = \int_0^{\ln 2} \sqrt{1 + \sinh^2 x} \, dx = \int_0^{\ln 2} \cosh x \, dx M1

=[sinhx]0ln2=sinh(ln2)0= [\sinh x]_0^{\ln 2} = \sinh(\ln 2) - 0 M1

sinh(ln2)=eln2eln22=2122=34\sinh(\ln 2) = \frac{e^{\ln 2} - e^{-\ln 2}}{2} = \frac{2 - \frac{1}{2}}{2} = \frac{3}{4} A1


常见陷阱
  • 化简 1+sinh2x\sqrt{1 + \sinh^2 x} 时结果应为 coshx\cosh x,而非 sinhx\sinh x
  • 注意 cosh2x=coshx\sqrt{\cosh^2 x} = \cosh x(因为 \cosh x > 0 for all xx),无需加绝对值
  • dydx=cosechx\frac{dy}{dx} = \operatorname{cosech} x 时,1+cosech2x=coth2x1 + \operatorname{cosech}^2 x = \coth^2 x,而非 cosh2x\cosh^2 x
  • 积分 cothxdx=lnsinhx+C\int \coth x \, dx = \ln|\sinh x| + C,容易遗忘

Question Type 5: 旋转曲面面积

如何识别

题目要求将曲线绕 xx 轴旋转所得曲面的面积,函数通常为 coshx\cosh x,分值为 6 分。

标准解题方法
  1. 计算 dydx\frac{dy}{dx}
  2. 代入旋转曲面面积公式 S=2πaby1+(dydx)2dxS = 2\pi \int_a^b y \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2} \, dx
  3. 利用双曲恒等式化简
  4. 积分
评分标准(MS 模式)
  • B1:正确写出面积公式
  • B1:代入 yydydx\frac{dy}{dx}
  • M1:化简被积表达式
  • M1:正确积分
  • A1:代入上下限
  • A1:最终答案(通常涉及 cosh2x\cosh^2 x 积分)

例题

Example 1 (w20/22 Q2):The curve y=coshxy = \cosh x from x=0x = 0 to x=ax = a is rotated about the xx-axis. Find the surface area of the solid generated.

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y=coshxy = \cosh x, dydx=sinhx\frac{dy}{dx} = \sinh x

S=2π0ay1+(dydx)2dxS = 2\pi \int_0^a y \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)^2} \, dx B1

=2π0acoshx1+sinh2xdx= 2\pi \int_0^a \cosh x \sqrt{1 + \sinh^2 x} \, dx B1

=2π0acoshxcoshxdx= 2\pi \int_0^a \cosh x \cdot \cosh x \, dx M1 (using 1+sinh2x=cosh2x1 + \sinh^2 x = \cosh^2 x)

=2π0acosh2xdx= 2\pi \int_0^a \cosh^2 x \, dx

Using cosh2x=12(cosh2x+1)\cosh^2 x = \frac{1}{2}(\cosh 2x + 1): M1

S=2π0a12(cosh2x+1)dx=π0a(cosh2x+1)dxS = 2\pi \int_0^a \frac{1}{2}(\cosh 2x + 1) \, dx = \pi \int_0^a (\cosh 2x + 1) \, dx

=π[12sinh2x+x]0a=π(12sinh2a+a)= \pi \left[\frac{1}{2}\sinh 2x + x\right]_0^a = \pi\left(\frac{1}{2}\sinh 2a + a\right) A1


Example 2:The curve y=coshxy = \cosh x from x=0x = 0 to x=ln3x = \ln 3 is rotated about the xx-axis. Find the surface area.

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S=2π0ln3cosh2xdxS = 2\pi \int_0^{\ln 3} \cosh^2 x \, dx M1

=2π0ln312(cosh2x+1)dx=π0ln3(cosh2x+1)dx= 2\pi \int_0^{\ln 3} \frac{1}{2}(\cosh 2x + 1) \, dx = \pi \int_0^{\ln 3} (\cosh 2x + 1) \, dx M1

=π[12sinh2x+x]0ln3= \pi \left[\frac{1}{2}\sinh 2x + x\right]_0^{\ln 3} M1

sinh(2ln3)=sinh(ln9)=9192=409\sinh(2\ln 3) = \sinh(\ln 9) = \frac{9 - \frac{1}{9}}{2} = \frac{40}{9}

S=π(12409+ln3)=π(209+ln3)S = \pi\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{40}{9} + \ln 3\right) = \pi\left(\frac{20}{9} + \ln 3\right) A1


常见陷阱
  • 旋转曲面面积公式中忘记乘以 2π2\pi
  • 忽略 cosh2x\cosh^2 x 需要降幂处理:cosh2x=12(cosh2x+1)\cosh^2 x = \frac{1}{2}(\cosh 2x + 1)
  • 计算 sinh(2lna)\sinh(2\ln a) 时小心指数运算:sinh(lna2)=a2a22\sinh(\ln a^2) = \frac{a^2 - a^{-2}}{2}
  • 混淆表面积公式与体积公式

Question Type 6: 双曲代换积分

如何识别

被积函数含有 a2+x2\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}x2a2\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}a2x2a^2 - x^2 的形式,使用双曲代换比三角代换更简洁。分值为 4–9 分。

标准解题方法
  1. 识别形式并选择合适的代换:
    • a2+x2\sqrt{a^2 + x^2}:令 x=asinhtx = a\sinh t,则 dx=acoshtdtdx = a\cosh t \, dta2+x2=acosht\sqrt{a^2 + x^2} = a\cosh t
    • x2a2\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}:令 x=acoshtx = a\cosh t,则 dx=asinhtdtdx = a\sinh t \, dtx2a2=asinht\sqrt{x^2 - a^2} = a\sinh t
    • a2x2a^2 - x^2:令 x=atanhtx = a\tanh t,则 dx=asech2tdtdx = a\operatorname{sech}^2 t \, dta2x2=a2sech2ta^2 - x^2 = a^2\operatorname{sech}^2 t
  2. 代入并化简积分
  3. 使用双曲恒等式进一步化简
  4. 积分后用反双曲函数代回
评分标准(MS 模式)
  • B1:选择正确的代换
  • M1:正确代换 dxdx 和表达式
  • M1:化简被积函数
  • A1:积分结果
  • A1:代回原变量(如需要)

例题

Example 1:Evaluate 14+x2dx\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{4 + x^2}} \, dx.

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Let x=2sinhtx = 2\sinh t, dx=2coshtdtdx = 2\cosh t \, dt B1

4+x2=4+4sinh2t=21+sinh2t=2cosht\sqrt{4 + x^2} = \sqrt{4 + 4\sinh^2 t} = 2\sqrt{1 + \sinh^2 t} = 2\cosh t M1

14+x2dx=2cosht2coshtdt=1dt=t+C\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{4 + x^2}} \, dx = \int \frac{2\cosh t}{2\cosh t} \, dt = \int 1 \, dt = t + C M1

=sinh1(x2)+C= \sinh^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) + C A1


Example 2:Evaluate 1x29dx\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 9}} \, dx for x > 3.

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Let x=3coshtx = 3\cosh t, dx=3sinhtdtdx = 3\sinh t \, dt B1

x29=9cosh2t9=3cosh2t1=3sinht\sqrt{x^2 - 9} = \sqrt{9\cosh^2 t - 9} = 3\sqrt{\cosh^2 t - 1} = 3\sinh t M1

1x29dx=3sinht3sinhtdt=1dt=t+C\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 9}} \, dx = \int \frac{3\sinh t}{3\sinh t} \, dt = \int 1 \, dt = t + C M1

=cosh1(x3)+C= \cosh^{-1}\left(\frac{x}{3}\right) + C A1


Example 3:Evaluate 0111+x2dx\int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} \, dx, giving your answer in logarithmic form.

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Let x=sinhtx = \sinh t, dx=coshtdtdx = \cosh t \, dt B1

When x=0x = 0, t=0t = 0; when x=1x = 1, t=sinh11t = \sinh^{-1} 1 M1

0111+x2dx=0sinh11coshtcoshtdt=0sinh111dt\int_0^1 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} \, dx = \int_0^{\sinh^{-1} 1} \frac{\cosh t}{\cosh t} \, dt = \int_0^{\sinh^{-1} 1} 1 \, dt M1

=[t]0sinh11=sinh11= [t]_0^{\sinh^{-1} 1} = \sinh^{-1} 1 A1

sinh11=ln(1+2)\sinh^{-1} 1 = \ln(1 + \sqrt{2}) A1


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